Medieval European Medical Manuscripts

Professor Faith Wallis (Dept. of History and Classical Studies/Dept. of Social Studies of Medicine, McGill University), 'Dosage, distillation and deodorants: an enigmatic Italian manuscript of the mid-16th century'
 
Abstract:
In 2022 the Osler Library of the History of Medicine at McGill University acquired a 16th century manuscript, described by the dealer from which it was purchased as a pharmacy handbook. Closer inspection of the text, however, has revealed a more complicated story. The aim of my talk is to summarize what I have learned to date about this enigmatic volume, in the hope that scholars of Renaissance alchemy, pharmacy, medical practice, the marketing of "secrets", and the interface of print and manuscript culture will be able to exploit its contents.
 
The manuscript is largely in Latin, with some Italian passages, and can be dated to after 1554 on the basis of an account of how the compiler (or his source) cured a patient of anal fistula anno preterito in 1553. It is written in a single hand, and is in two parts. The first part (fols. 1r-30r) is a didactic treatise addressed to young students on the subject of pharmaceutical dosage. In fact it is based on, and quotes liberally from (though without ascription) Matteo Corti's De dosibus (printed in Venice in 1562). However, the text has been very significantly abbreviated, altered, and expanded. The second part (fols. 33r-84v) is a receptarium that gives pride of place to "wonder cures". It begins with instructions for preparing an Elixir of Life or Aqua mirabilis involving scores of ingredients and a complex distillation process. Compounds for healing wounds in an exceptionally short time are followed by a recipe for Caravita's Oil, a famous universal antidote against poison and remedy against plague. The collection then devolves into more pedestrian recipes for problems like toothache, joint pain, and miscarriage, but there is also a recipe for "synthetic" camphor, and a test for determining whether camphor is genuine or fake. Following a treatment for gout ("eccellentissima pro nobilibus"), are several for the French Disease, all made with guaiacum, as well as "the Doge's remedy" for weak digestion ("peculiare remedium Illustrissimi Duci Venetiarum"). The last part of the collection is devoted to cosmetics. The products include an "aqua virginalis" to make a woman's face beautiful (almost identical to recipes printed by Isabella Cortese), treatments to remove blemishes, handcreams, but also instructions for gilding ostrich plumes. There are recipes for potable gold (real and synthetic); concoctions to prevent or stimulate hair growth; hair dyes; and at the end, deodorants, both for the armpits and for the feet.
 
This manuscript provokes a number of questions about the boundaries between print and manuscript culture in the 16th century, as well as the diffusion of "secret" remedies, whether for Caravita's Oil or aqua virginalis. It probes the connections between academic medicine (De dosibus) and the endorsement of noble and elite patients, as well as the ambiguous character of alchemical processes that can manufacture spurious camphor and potable gold … or the Elixir of Life.
The Osler manuscript can be viewed at: https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-osl_in-christi-ni-ami-cupres-junib_WZ240IN361550-21429/mode/2up
Biography
Prof. Faith Wallis is Professor Emerita at McGill University, where she holds a joint appointment in the Department of History and Classical Studies and the Department of Social Studies of Medicine. Her research focuses on the textual and manuscript transmission of medical and scientific knowledge in the Middle Ages. Her anthology of translated sources, Medieval Medicine: a Reader, was published by University of Toronto Press in 2010. The first volume of her edition of the writings of Bartholomeus "of Salerno", a key figure in the emergence of academic medicine in the twelfth century, appeared from SISMEL last year. She has also published a number of articles on particular medical manuscripts and the issues of readership and use, notably "Between Reading and Doing: the Case of Medieval Manuscript Books of Practical Medicine,"  in The Edinburgh History of Reading: A World Survey from Antiquity to the Present, ed. Mary Hammond (2020) and "The Book of the Head and the Book of Skin: Compilation and "Decompilation" in some Medieval Manuscripts of Practical Medicine in the Osler Library (McGill University)" Florilegium  33 (2016): 15-44.